[原创] 在树莓派上把文字转成语音（Text-To-Speech／TTS）

本文软硬件环境：
树莓派：3代 Model B V1.2，内存1GB
OS：Arch Linux ARM

有时候，我们需要在程序中添加文字转语音的功能，即通过某个程序或API，把输入的文字朗读出来，也就是通常所说的 text-to-speech（简写为TTS）。我尝试了一个简单的方案——使用Espeak来完成这个任务，在这里记录下来。

『1』TTS方案
我们可以使用本地的TTS软件，也可以使用云端的TTS服务来实现文字转语音。使用本地TTS软件的好处就是不需要联网，云端的TTS服务通常提供更好的语音转换效果，不过也通常麻烦得多得多——例如，需要写程序来发送数据、接收返回数据等。
本地的TTS软件非常多，例如Espeak，Festival等。
我试了一下Espeak：

Text to Speech engine for English, with support for other languages.

也就是说Espeak是一个英语的TTS引擎，但同时也支持其他语言。
文章来源：http://www.codelast.com/
『2』硬件连接
首先你要把可以播放声音的设备连接到树莓派上。使用有源音箱或者无源的耳机都可以。我使用的是耳塞，连接到树莓派的3.5mm音频输出接口上，如下图所示：

注意连接的瞬间可能会发出强电流声（爆音），最好不要戴在耳朵上。
文章来源：http://www.codelast.com/
『3』Espeak安装、系统配置及使用
安装非常简单：

pacman -S espeak alsa-utils

其中，alsa-utils 我记得是一个Espeak依赖的包，反正我装了。
然而这样安装好之后，你还是无法使用它的。不信可以直接试试：

espeak "hello"

这是让Espeak朗读“hello”。通常情况下会直接报错：

ALSA lib confmisc.c:767:(parse_card) cannot find card '0'

ALSA lib conf.c:4371:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_card_driver returned error: No such file or directory

ALSA lib confmisc.c:392:(snd_func_concat) error evaluating strings

ALSA lib conf.c:4371:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_concat returned error: No such file or directory

ALSA lib confmisc.c:1246:(snd_func_refer) error evaluating name

ALSA lib conf.c:4371:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_refer returned error: No such file ordirectory

ALSA lib conf.c:4850:(snd_config_expand) Evaluate error: No such file or directory

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM sysdefault

......

wave_open_sound > Pa_OpenStream : err=-9996 (Invalid device)

这是因为你需要让系统在启动的时候加载和音频相关的模块，修改 /boot/config.txt，在里面添加上一句：

dtparam=audio=on

然后重启系统即可。
文章来源：http://www.codelast.com/
重启之后，你再执行上面的Espeak命令，会发现仍然输出类似于下面的一堆错误信息：

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.front

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.rear

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.center_lfe

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.side

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.surround21

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.surround21

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.surround40

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.surround41

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.surround50

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.surround51

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.surround71

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.iec958

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.iec958

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.iec958

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.hdmi

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.hdmi

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.modem

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.modem

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.phoneline

ALSA lib pcm.c:2450:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.phoneline

connect(2) call to /dev/shm/jack-0/default/jack_0 failed (err=No such file or directory)

attempt to connect to server failed

但这并不影响使用，此时已经可以正常发声了。
如果要让Espeak朗读中文，可以带参数这样执行：

espeak -vzh "编程"

文章来源：http://www.codelast.com/
『4』使用感受
最大的感觉就是朗读的语音“不自然”——完全是机器人在读的生硬感，而不是人类在读的顺畅感。并且，朗读的时候会带有比较明显的背景噪音。
此外还有一个致命的问题：如果我让它朗读一个非常长的句子（无论是英文还是中文），那么它读着读着就会越来越慢，并且产生越来越大的电流噪音，就好像一个人已经上气不接下气了。这个奇怪的现象我还不知道是为什么。总之，如果拿来读很短的句子或者单词，效果还是勉强能接受的。
如果要追求好的发声效果，还是要使用现在流行的一些云端服务，例如科大讯飞、百度的语音合成API等，它们不仅提供了良好的合成效果，并且还有很多可选的音色（男声，女声，成人声，小孩声，老人声，等等）。

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《[原创] 在树莓派上把文字转成语音（Text-To-Speech／TTS）》有4条评论

请问一下，在 sudo su -s /bin/bash homeassistant 用户下，使用 espeak -vzh "编程" 报了一堆错，如下
-----------------------------

homeassistant@raspberrypi:/home/pi/haisantts-py $ espeak -vzh "编程"
Full dictionary is not installed for 'zh'
ALSA lib confmisc.c:767:(parse_card) cannot find card '0'
ALSA lib conf.c:4568:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_card_driver returned error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib confmisc.c:392:(snd_func_concat) error evaluating strings
ALSA lib conf.c:4568:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_concat returned error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib confmisc.c:1246:(snd_func_refer) error evaluating name
ALSA lib conf.c:4568:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_refer returned error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib conf.c:5047:(snd_config_expand) Evaluate error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM sysdefault
ALSA lib confmisc.c:767:(parse_card) cannot find card '0'
ALSA lib conf.c:4568:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_card_driver returned error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib confmisc.c:392:(snd_func_concat) error evaluating strings
ALSA lib conf.c:4568:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_concat returned error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib confmisc.c:1246:(snd_func_refer) error evaluating name
ALSA lib conf.c:4568:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_refer returned error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib conf.c:5047:(snd_config_expand) Evaluate error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM sysdefault
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.front
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.rear
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.center_lfe
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.side
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.surround21
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.surround21
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.surround40
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.surround41
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.surround50
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.surround51
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.surround71
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.iec958
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.iec958
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.iec958
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.hdmi
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.hdmi
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.modem
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.modem
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.phoneline
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.phoneline
ALSA lib pcm_hw.c:1822:(_snd_pcm_hw_open) Invalid value for card
ALSA lib pcm_hw.c:1822:(_snd_pcm_hw_open) Invalid value for card
ALSA lib pcm_hw.c:1822:(_snd_pcm_hw_open) Invalid value for card
ALSA lib pcm_hw.c:1822:(_snd_pcm_hw_open) Invalid value for card
ALSA lib pcm_hw.c:1822:(_snd_pcm_hw_open) Invalid value for card
ALSA lib pcm_hw.c:1822:(_snd_pcm_hw_open) Invalid value for card
Cannot connect to server socket err = No such file or directory
Cannot connect to server request channel
jack server is not running or cannot be started
JackShmReadWritePtr::~JackShmReadWritePtr - Init not done for -1, skipping unlock
JackShmReadWritePtr::~JackShmReadWritePtr - Init not done for -1, skipping unlock
Cannot connect to server socket err = No such file or directory
Cannot connect to server request channel
jack server is not running or cannot be started
JackShmReadWritePtr::~JackShmReadWritePtr - Init not done for -1, skipping unlock
JackShmReadWritePtr::~JackShmReadWritePtr - Init not done for -1, skipping unlock
ALSA lib pcm_oss.c:377:(_snd_pcm_oss_open) Unknown field port
ALSA lib pcm_oss.c:377:(_snd_pcm_oss_open) Unknown field port
ALSA lib pulse.c:243:(pulse_connect) PulseAudio: Unable to connect: Connection refused

ALSA lib pulse.c:243:(pulse_connect) PulseAudio: Unable to connect: Connection refused

ALSA lib pcm_a52.c:823:(_snd_pcm_a52_open) a52 is only for playback
ALSA lib conf.c:5014:(snd_config_expand) Unknown parameters {AES0 0x6 AES1 0x82 AES2 0x0 AES3 0x2 CARD 0}
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM iec958:{AES0 0x6 AES1 0x82 AES2 0x0 AES3 0x2 CARD 0}
ALSA lib pcm_hw.c:1822:(_snd_pcm_hw_open) Invalid value for card
ALSA lib pcm_hw.c:1822:(_snd_pcm_hw_open) Invalid value for card
ALSA lib pcm_hw.c:1822:(_snd_pcm_hw_open) Invalid value for card
ALSA lib pcm_hw.c:1822:(_snd_pcm_hw_open) Invalid value for card
ALSA lib pcm_usb_stream.c:486:(_snd_pcm_usb_stream_open) Invalid type for card
ALSA lib pcm_usb_stream.c:486:(_snd_pcm_usb_stream_open) Invalid type for card
ALSA lib confmisc.c:767:(parse_card) cannot find card '0'
ALSA lib conf.c:4568:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_card_driver returned error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib confmisc.c:392:(snd_func_concat) error evaluating strings
ALSA lib conf.c:4568:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_concat returned error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib confmisc.c:1246:(snd_func_refer) error evaluating name
ALSA lib conf.c:4568:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_refer returned error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib conf.c:5047:(snd_config_expand) Evaluate error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM default
ALSA lib confmisc.c:767:(parse_card) cannot find card '0'
ALSA lib conf.c:4568:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_card_driver returned error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib confmisc.c:392:(snd_func_concat) error evaluating strings
ALSA lib conf.c:4568:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_concat returned error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib confmisc.c:1246:(snd_func_refer) error evaluating name
ALSA lib conf.c:4568:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_refer returned error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib conf.c:5047:(snd_config_expand) Evaluate error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM default
ALSA lib confmisc.c:767:(parse_card) cannot find card '0'
ALSA lib conf.c:4568:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_card_driver returned error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib confmisc.c:392:(snd_func_concat) error evaluating strings
ALSA lib conf.c:4568:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_concat returned error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib confmisc.c:1246:(snd_func_refer) error evaluating name
ALSA lib conf.c:4568:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_refer returned error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib conf.c:5047:(snd_config_expand) Evaluate error: No such file or directory
ALSA lib pcm.c:2565:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM dmix
Cannot connect to server socket err = No such file or directory
Cannot connect to server request channel
jack server is not running or cannot be started
JackShmReadWritePtr::~JackShmReadWritePtr - Init not done for -1, skipping unlock
JackShmReadWritePtr::~JackShmReadWritePtr - Init not done for -1, skipping unlock
wave_open_sound > Pa_OpenStream : err=-9996 (Invalid device)
wave_open_sound > Pa_OpenStream : err=-9996 (Invalid device)
wave_open_sound > Pa_OpenStream : err=-9996 (Invalid device)
wave_open_sound > Pa_OpenStream : err=-9996 (Invalid device)
wave_open_sound > Pa_OpenStream : err=-9996 (Invalid device)
homeassistant@raspberrypi:/home/pi/haisantts-py $

请问如何编写代码实现自动提取inception模型识别后得到的得分最高的名词然后再进行语音输出

learnhard

2017 年 04 月 12 日 10:46

这不就是一个简单的文本处理的工作么。

例如：
mountain bike, all-terrain bike, off-roader (score = 0.56671)
tricycle, trike, velocipede (score = 0.12035)
bicycle-built-for-two, tandem bicycle, tandem (score = 0.08768)
lawn mower, mower (score = 0.00651)
alp (score = 0.00387)

第一行就是你要的结果，处理一下就得到分数最高的名词了。
回复
- 小沈同学
  
  2017 年 05 月 08 日 21:44
  
  请问具体实现的思路应该怎么做？
  回复

《[原创] 在树莓派上把文字转成语音（Text-To-Speech／TTS）》有4条评论

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